Nobel Prize Winners of 2021

A combination image shows the eight winners of the 2021 Nobel Prizes in medicine, chemistry, physics and literature. From L-R, top-bottom are: medicine Nobel winners Ardem Patapoutian and David Julius; physics Nobel winners Giorgio Parisi, Syukuro Manabe and Klaus Hasselmann; chemistry Nobel winners Benjamin List and David MacMillan; and literature Nobel winner Abdulrazak Gurnah.

German scientist Benjamin List, who shares the 2021 Nobel Prize in Chemistry together with David MacMillan for the development of asymmetric organocatalysis, celebrates with well-wishers at the Max-Planck-Institute for Coal Research in Muelheim an der Ruhr, Germany, October 6, 2021.

Princeton University meteorologist Professor Syukuro Manabe, who won a share of the 2021 Nobel Prize in physics, attends a press conference as Stephan Fueglistaler and Deborah Prentice clap hands to congratulate him at the university in Princeton, New Jersey, U.S., October 5, 2021.

German Klaus Hasselmann poses with his wife Susanne and daughter Annette for pictures after winning the 2021 Nobel Prize in Physics, in his home in Hamburg, Germany, October 5, 2021. Scientists Syukuro Manabe, Klaus Hasselmann and Giorgio Parisi won the 2021 Nobel Prize for Physics for their "groundbreaking contributions to our understanding of complex physical systems," the award-giving body said on Tuesday.

From left, Princeton University Nobel Prize laureates Eric Francis Wieschaus, biologist, Joseph Hooton Taylor Jr., astrophysicist, David W.C. MacMillan, Duncan Haldane, physicist, Angus Deaton, economist, and Christopher Sims, economist, raise a glass in honor of MacMillan, one of two winners of the Nobel Prize for chemistry, at Princeton University, Wednesday, Oct. 6, 2021, in Princeton, N.J. The work of Benjamin List of Germany and Scotland-born David W.C. MacMillan were awarded for finding an "ingenious" and environmentally cleaner way to build molecules that can be used to make everything from medicines to food flavorings.

Tanzanian novelist Abdulrazak Gurnah, winner of the 2021 Nobel Prize for Literature, poses at his home in Canterbury, Britain, October 7, 2021.

Italian scholar and physicist Giorgio Parisi (C) uncorks a bottle of sparkling wine as he celebrates with fellow scolars President of the Italian National Research Council (CNR), Professor Massimo Inguscio (4thL) and Italian Professor and biochemist Maurizio Brunori (2ndL) on October 5, 2021 at the Lincean Academy (Accademia dei Lincei) in Rome, after Parisi co-won the Nobel Physics Prize. - US-Japanese scientist Syukuro Manabe, Klaus Hasselmann of Germany and Giorgio Parisi of Italy on October 5, 2021 won the Nobel Physics Prize for climate models and the understanding of physical systems.

Scottish-born Princeton University professor David W.C. MacMillan, who shares the 2021 Nobel Prize in Chemistry together with Benjamin List for the development of asymmetric organocatalysis, celebrates with a glass of champagne in Princeton, New Jersey, U.S., October 6, 2021.

Scottish-born Princeton University professor David W.C. MacMillan, who shares the 2021 Nobel Prize in Chemistry together with Benjamin List for the development of asymmetric organocatalysis, speaks to reporters in Princeton, New Jersey, U.S., October 6, 2021.

Syukuro Manabe, right, speaks to reporters at his home in Princeton, N.J., Tuesday, Oct. 5, 2021. Manabe and two other scientists have won the Nobel Prize for physics for work that found order in seeming disorder, helping to explain and predict complex forces of nature, including expanding our understanding of climate change.

German scientist Benjamin List, who shares the 2021 Nobel Prize in Chemistry together with David MacMillan for the development of asymmetric organocatalysis, celebrates with well-wishers at the Max-Planck-Institute for Coal Research in Muelheim an der Ruhr, Germany, October 6, 2021.

(FILES) This file photo taken on February 14, 2019 shows Philippine journalist Maria Ressa (C) giving a statement after posting bail at a regional trial court in Manila. - The 2021 Nobel Peace Prize was awarded on October 8, 2021 to journalists Maria Ressa (Philippines) and Dmitry Muratov (Russia).

Dmitry Muratov, chief editor of "Novaya Gazeta", at Vegas City Hall

Joint winner of the Nobel Prize for Physics, Italian scientist Giorgio Parisi takes a selfie with his colleagues after the announcement in Rome, Italy, October 5, 2021.

Ardem Patapoutian poses for a portrait in his office while holding a model of the Piezo protein at the Dorris Neuroscience Center, Monday, Oct. 4, 2021, in San Diego. Two scientists, Americans Patapoutian and David Julius, won the Nobel Prize in medicine for their discoveries into how the human body perceives temperature and touch.

German Klaus Hasselmann is congratulated after winning the 2021 Nobel Prize in Physics at the Max Planck Institute in Hamburg, Germany, October 5, 2021. Scientists Syukuro Manabe, Klaus Hasselmann and Giorgio Parisi won the 2021 Nobel Prize for Physics for their "groundbreaking contributions to our understanding of complex physical systems," the award-giving body said on Tuesday.

FILE - In this Thursday, March 27, 2014 file photo bidder Ole Bjorn Fausa, of Norway, holds the 1936 Nobel Peace Prize medal in Baltimore.