The law, which is set to come into effect in March, states that police officers can arrest migrants due to illegal entry anywhere in the state of Texas.
In addition, local judges can order migrants accused of illegal entry to leave the United States.
The Justice Department earlier warned officials that Texas' efforts were unconstitutional as it has been previously made clear that such matter falls under the responsibility of the federal government, not state.
"Under the Supremacy Clause of the Constitution and longstanding Supreme Court precedent, states cannot adopt immigration laws that interfere with the framework enacted by Congress," Associate Attorney General Vanita Gupta said in a statement.
Additionally, the department outlined in the filing that the Texas legislation directly interferes with the US government's "conduct of foreign relations."
Texas Governor Greg Abbott previously remarked in response to the department's warning that the Biden White House has "refused" to enact immigration laws to clamp down on the border crisis.