Astronomers working with data from the The Gaia probe of the European Space Agency (ESA) have discovered evidence of a previously unknown ancient galaxy that was consumed by the Milky Way some eight to 10 billion years ago.
The team, led by Khyati Malhan of the Max Planck Institute for Astronomy in Germany, was mapping six satellite galaxy mergers with our home galaxy – the Milky Way, creating an atlas of sorts: five such collisions were already known to researchers, while a sixth has been newly-discovered.
Previous studies had reconstructed such mergers "by hand", but the new study, the results of which were published in the Astrophysical Journal, applied a systematic statistical evaluation of 257 stellar streams, globular clusters and satellite galaxies, using data provided by ESA's Gaia mission.
The scientists were able to do this after the early version of Data Release 3 (EDR3) of ESA's Gaia mission, launched in 2013, became available on 3 December 2020.
Gaia provides astrometric data for more than a billion stars, offering accurate locations as well as information about their position changes in the sky.
It was in the course of their analysis that the team discovered a merger that had been completely unknown. They named the early merger, and the galaxy that merged with our home galaxy at the time - Pontus.
"The dynamical atlas of the Milky Way mergers that we present here provides a global view of the galaxy formation in action. Thus, our study contributes to the initial steps of unravelling the full hierarchical build-up of our galaxy, and also understanding the origin of the globular clusters and stellar streams of the Milky Way halo," the researchers wrote in their paper.
The new results are an important step towards a more complete reconstruction of our galaxy's billion-year history, its growth, evolution, and the origins of the stars lying within.