Forty years ago on Monday, 18 January, a fire broke out at 439 New Cross Road in Deptford, south east London.
Flames began to curl up the stairs, trapping friends and family members who had gathered to celebrate Yvonne Ruddock's 16th birthday.
In what witnesses described as a matter of minutes, the entire house was immersed in flames as people scrambled to escape through windows.
More than 50 people escaped but 13 young people, including Yvonne and her brother Paul, lost their lives in the blaze.
Paul Ruddock’s wife Sandra was pregnant at the time with their second child, Jeannine, who said: "The fire took a lot from me before I even took a breath on this Earth and has been my breath ever since."
"My dad was a real hero. He saved a lot of people going back into the fire," she added.
Two years later one of the survivors, Anthony Berbeck, who had been traumatised by the fire, took his own life.
Almost all of the victims were teenagers at the time and all were from London’s Afro-Caribbean community.
Four decades and several investigations later, the cause of the fire remains unsolved.
One of the first officers on the scene thought a firebomb might have been involved in and it was soon assumed to have been a racially motivated attack.
This theory seemed plausible to many, considering the London borough of Lewisham had a well-documented National Front presence.
Jamaican-born poet and activist Linton Kwesi Johnson was so convinced of this theory, he penned a dub poem about it, New Crass Massahkah.
Jeannine Ruddock told Sputnik: "I don't think it was a racist attack. I feel someone knows more than they say but ultimately I feel it was a terrible accident."
The families of those who lost their lives accused the media, the Conservative government of Margaret Thatcher and the police of downplaying the tragedy and many were aggrieved that the Queen sent a message of condolence to the victims of the Stardust nightclub fire in Dublin in February 1981 but said nothing about the tragedy in her own capital city.
Although the whole community had been left traumatised by the fire and the Ruddock family were now homeless the media did not appear to consider the story newsworthy.
— Grinling Gibbons Primary (@Ggibbonsps) January 15, 2021
The incident was passed off as a one-off incident, which did not deserve national news coverage.
The Metropolitan Police said the fire was “the subject of the biggest enquiry ever in south London” but nobody was ever charged and the survivors and the victims’ families felt there was a distinct indifference towards their search for justice.
When the police began questioning some of the young black men who had been at the party there was mass outrage in the community.
The New Cross Massacre Action Committee was formed to raise awareness and build up support across the country.
Committee organiser June Thompson said the NCMAC was “one people, one voice, with one purpose, to get our message across. It got to the stage where people thought ‘enough is enough’.”
— Lewisham Local (@lewishamlocal) January 15, 2021
The NMAC organised a Black People for Action march, which brought parts of London to a standstill as 20,000 demonstrators marched from New Cross to Hyde Park in March 1981.
As the procession made its way down Fleet Street - then the home of the main national newspapers - some claimed journalists hung out of the windows and made monkey noises.
On 11 April 1981 a riot broke out in Brixton, south London, and some of the rioters were heard shouting: "This is for New Cross."
Ten days later an inquest was held and an open verdict was recorded after the coroner suggested the fire was likely to have been an accident.
After much scientific analysis it became evident the fire had started inside the house and was not started by a firebomb.
One of the survivors, Wayne Haynes, believes the fire started inside the house.
The police's handling of the investigation was criticised during the Macpherson Report.
The Racial and Violent Crimes TaskForce, which was set up in the wake of the Stephen Lawrence case, now deals with such sensitive cases.
In 2002 the High Court ordered a second inquest, which was held two years later.
Much to the chagrin of the families, the coroner, Gerald Butler, QC, recorded open verdicts at the second inquest.
Mr Butler said: "I have concluded on the totality of the evidence that while I think it probable, that is to say more likely than not, that this fire was begun by deliberate application of a flame to the armchair near to the television...I cannot be sure of this. It must follow I am unable to return a verdict of unlawful killing."
— Kojo Koram (@KojoKoram) January 15, 2021
He also said two key witnesses - Norman Higgins and Leslie Morris - had lied to the inquest.
Jeannine Ruddock said: "I only got to know my dad by attending various New Cross fire events and the second inquest and hearing other people talk about him. I never knew any of the other Ruddocks. They wanted nothing to do with me and my mum after the fire."
Almost 40 years later, when the Grenfell Tower fire claimed 72 lives, another Conservative government was accused of not acting quickly or empathetically.
Those who lost their lives in the New Cross fire were Humphrey Brown, 18, Peter Campbell, 18, Steve Collins, 17, Patrick Cummings, 16, Gerry Francis, 17, Andrew Gooding, 14, Lloyd Richard Hall, 20, Patricia Johnston, 15, Rosalind Henry, 16, Glenton Powell, 15, Paul Ruddock, 22, Yvonne Ruddock, 16, and Owen Thompson, 16.
