Ahmadinejad will have a scheduled meeting with Tajik President Emomali Rakhmonov. Afghanistan's Hamid Karzai will join the two men Wednesday.
The trilateral talks are expected to produce a joint communique and a number of cooperation agreements in areas such as energy, transport, commerce and tourism. Originally, they were to have taken place in the Iranian capital of Tehran in January this year, but Karzai was unable to attend.
While in Tajikistan, Ahmadinejad will attend a ribbon-cutting ceremony for a tunnel built by an Iranian construction firm and with Iranian investment.
The hard-line Iranian leader has come to Tajikistan from neighboring Turkmenistan. His trip to the Central Asian republics comes amid growing international tension over Tehran's controversial nuclear program and apparently aims to improve ties with neighboring states in the face of possible UN economic sanctions.