The legislation bans lighting up in workplaces, on airplanes, trains, in railway station waiting areas, on city transport, in hospitals, schools and government buildings.
Once the law comes into effect, smoking will only be permitted in specially designated areas, which will not be allowed to occupy more than 25% of a given facility.
Restaurant and cafe owners have also been targeted, and will now have to provide extensive no-smoking zones for their customers and employees.
Those caught violating the new regulations will be fined, with penalties ranging from 2,500 to 5,000 rubles ($100 to $200) for individuals, and up to 80,000 to 100,000 rubles ($3,200 to $4,000) for organizations.
A recent report by the deputy head of the Duma's Health and Safety Committee said that Russia has more smokers per capita than any other country in the world, a habit that kills more than 700 Russians a day.
Nikolai Gerasimenko, an academic with the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, said that Russia also leads the world in terms of underage smoking, and that it is the third-largest producer of tobacco products after China and the U.S.
More than half of Russian teenagers smoke, he said, with boys outnumbering girls 60% to 40%. He said the low cost of cigarettes in Russia was a major contributing factor to the trend.
Tobacco production in Russia has doubled over the past 10 years, to 413 billion in 2006 from 206 billion in 1996, Gerasimenko said, adding that Russia's exceptionally high mortality rate could be attributed to the higher levels of tar and nicotine - 30-40% more - in Russian cigarettes compared with other world brands.
He also lamented the ineffectiveness of anti-smoking legislation passed in 2001, adding that Russia remains the only major country in the world not to have signed on to the World Health Organization's (WHO) anti-smoking convention.
