Gold always glitters, and once upon a time, the reputation of the United States as a safe place to store nationally-owned gold reserves offshore did as well.
It all started in 2012, when Germany attempted to request that the US repatriate its gold. It was followed by The Netherlands, France, Belgium and, finally, Austria.
Since then, the central banks of these countries have taken about 250 tons of the precious metal, decreasing the stash kept in the vaults of the NY Fed to 5,950 tons, its lowest level in two decades.
The last repatriation occurred back in 2007-2008, when foreign central banks took out about 400 tons of the metal.
Lew Rockwel, who is also the founder and chairman of the Ludwig von Mises Institute, says the move indicates a growing desire of the aforementioned states to get more independence from the US.
It is very typical for empires to keep the gold hoard of their colonies and dependent states, he said in his interview with the Russian news channel RT. The decision to claim it back does not please Washington as such, but it is very important for the independence of those states.
Historically, the stability of national currencies was based on their reserves of precious metals — gold, silver and platinum. During uncertain times, when the economies of countries which are lucky enough to be printing widely-held reserve currencies falter, central banks return to the security of gold.
However, in the 1940s, Britain's financial system, undermined by World War II, relinquished this position to the United States of America, which was considered too far away to be threatened by European wars.
This process was facilitated by a system of lend-lease, in which supplies of arms, equipment and strategic materials to recipient countries were paid for in gold. As a result, the US built up its gold reserves from 13,000 tons in 1938 to 21,800 tons in 1949, concentrating 70% of the world's reserves of the yellow metal in one place.
The second source of gold income for the US was the Bretton Woods financial system, created in 1944, which made the paper dollar equivalent to gold. This system included the creation of the International Monetary Fund and the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (World Bank); all settlements between them were either in dollars or in gold. The founding countries contributed in gold, and in dollars bought with gold.
Participants in the pool were compensated for the excessive selling of gold by this organization from America's own gold reserves, and profits were shared at a ratio of 50:50. Half went to the US, the other half to all the other participants in the pool. In 1959 France alone lost $3 billion by participating in this Gold Pool.
This European dependence on the US was disturbing for many people. Charles de Gaulle once said: “While the Western countries of the Old World are subordinated to the New World, Europe cannot be European”.
Following this, Germany and other countries made the same exchange. And by 1970, the gold reserves of the United States had decreased by more than half, to 9,838.2 tons.
Since that time, the volume of issued cash and, most importantly, non-cash dollars, has been impossible for Americans to cover with precious metals, and in 1971, President Richard Nixon announced his “temporary” refusal to convert dollars into gold.
Attempts to restore the security of the American currency via two dollar devaluations failed, and in March 1973, the global financial system moved from a fixed exchange rate against the dollar and gold to a value defined on the basis of supply and demand.
Gold obtained the status of a commodity, while the US dollar was now traded using a new standard of value.
