Trump, who has faced increased pressure to fill the long-vacant Saudi ambassadorship following the murder of Saudi journalist Jamal Khashoggi in October, announced the nomination in November.
READ MORE: US Gathering Facts About Khashoggi Murder — Pompeo
Abizaid retired from the US Army as a four-star general after 34 years, during which he rose from infantry platoon to become the longest-serving commander of CENTCOM, according to an Army website.
Saudi Arabia has called the killing a rogue operation, placed 11 operatives on trial and claimed that the crown prince was unaware of the assassination.
Senators Kirsten Gillibrand, Kamala Harris, Ed Markey, Jeff Merkley, Tom Udall, Bernie Sanders and Elizabeth Warren voted against the nomination, and Senator Cory Booker was absent, according to the Senate Press Gallery.
READ MORE: Trump's Nominee for Envoy to Riyadh Promises to Press Saudis on Khashoggi Case